Organizational Security in the Post-Pandemic Era

Organizational security has worried organizations in recent years. Different strata of society have different perceptions. This document explores the reliability and validity of an instrument that measures construct in a public institution in central Mexico by reviewing dimensions: territorial, national, public, human, public (self-protection), private and internet. Consequently, the fit and residual values allowed us to accept the null hypothesis of a significant relationship between the theoretical dimensions with respect to the weighted factors.

Job security, in several countries, has been affected by a lack or absence, particularly with regard to government participation. As Molina-Ruiz, García- Mungía , Rojano-Chávez & Moreno-Gutiérrez (2017) mention, public security can be understood as the work of the State to protect and safeguard its population from internal dangers or threats. In Latin American countries, public security is perceived as absent, due to the large amount of journalistic coverage that exposes this lack.

In the case of Mexico, a greater amount of red notice coverage appears in the news every day, showing a violent side of the country (Molina-Ruiz et al. , 2017). The objective of this work is to establish the reliability and validity of an instrument that measures the perception of security in: Territorial security; National security; Public security (State as attorney general); human security; Public security (Self-protection); Private security; and, perception of Internet safety, scope.

Public safety protection events that pose a threat to personal and property safety and national security occur around the world (Wu et al., 2016). Mexico's security problems are similar in many aspects to the general context of Latin America (Romero, Magaloni and Díaz- Cayeros , 2016). However, Mexico has a particular influence from organized crime due to the levels of consumption of illegal things in the US market (Molina-Ruiz et al., 2017).

As mentioned by Aguilera-García & Uribe-Arzate (2014), it has traditionally been understood as the function of the State that consists of protecting its citizens from illegal attacks (or crimes against) their property, their physical integrity, their sexual freedom and their sexual freedom. soon. In Chianca -Dantas (2015), the meaning of public custody is inferred as the safety of people. Khalili - Dehdezi & Qaleh - Sardi (2016) present 4 specific characteristics of public custody: inherence, inseparability, comprehensiveness and focus on justice.

In Hernando (1999), it is stated that the perception of our reality is subjective, and that the perception of our world depends on our particular living conditions. The perception of reality operates from a higher order, from a mesosystem that would include both (perception and reality), and in which each one appears as elements and not as closed and independent units (Nescolarde -Selva, Usó-Doménech & Gash, 2014). The notion that what we see may not be what really exists, has disturbed and tormented [...] (Lotto, 2017), the entire population in each sector, class or role of our society (Molina-Ruiz et al ., 2017 ). Different sectors of the population would have different perceptions of security.

It can also be mentioned that the cultural stigma in the country also affects and promotes lack of public protection, due to the general way of thinking of the Mexican population, which in comparison with other cultures seems slow and with little interest. develop in academic, professional, social aspects, among others (Molina-Ruiz et al., 2017). The administration of public security is the implementation of public policies that justify the orientation of the State in the prevention of crime and the administration of justice, but only the distrust of citizens towards government action is evidenced in a growing perception of insecurity reported in Literature. in seven dimensions: territorial, national, public (government), human, public (self-protection), private and Internet.

As Molina-Ruiz (2015) mentions, Mexico can be seen from various areas such as economic, historical or social. In that sense, there are other subareas (or subscales in the social field) such as health, public safety, education, environmental awareness, among others. As mentioned above, different sectors of the population have different perceptions of social subareas (or subscales). In the case of undergraduate students, given that their academic training provides the possibility of generating critical thinking, this sector of the population can generate a solid perception about a factor that affects the context of society.

METHOD

The experimental design consists of a non-experimental, exploratory and cross-sectional study. Formulation rounds on the question: what are the factors that underlie the measurement of the perception of security in its various forms? The null hypothesis was raised as: the theoretical relationships between security perceptions are consistent with the observed data. An alternative hypothesis was also proposed: the theoretical relationships between security perceptions are different from the observed data.

The sample was carried out with a non-random selection of 320 students from a public university in the State of Mexico. 44% are women and 66% men. 50% of the respondents are under 18 years old (M = 17.29 and SD = 1.24), 40% are between 18 and 22 years old (M = 20.14 and SD = 2.36) and 10 % are over 22 years old (M = 23.25 and SD = 4.36). 30?rn less than 3'500 pesos (M=3'200 and SD=123.25), 25?tween 3'500 and 7'000 monthly (M=5'467 and SD=345.25) and 45?rn more than 7,000 per month (M = 8,913 and SD = 135.47).

The Delphi technique was used to establish the homogeneity of the concepts in the items. We examined the exhibit in the lobby of his university library. The data were processed with the Statistical Analysis Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Structural Analysis of Moments (AMOS). Versions 18.0. Reliability was estimated with Cronbach's alpha, Bartlett's validity test, KMO and factor weight.

Cronbach's alpha was estimated to establish the internal consistency of the general scale and the subscales. The Bootstrap parameter was calculated to establish sampling when it is not possible to fully use the data and only part of the distribution is used. Adequacy and sphericity were calculated with Kaiser Meyer Olkin parameters and Bartlett's test. An exploratory factor analysis was performed with criteria of obliquity and promax rotation of the principal axes. The hypothesis test was carried out with the estimation of the adjustment parameters and residuals.

Internal consistency, according to data collection and analysis, in the global scale (0.793) and the subscales (F1 = 0.792 and 22% of the total variance explained; F2 = 0.709 and 19% of the variance explained; F3 = 0.785 and 17 % of the explained variance; F4 = 0.782 and 14% of the explained variance; and F7 = 0.731 and 7% of the explained variance is discrete because it shows the differences between the study contexts in which security was conceptualized.

An insecurity perception scale was constructed that includes 28 security perception items: territorial, national, public (government), human, public (self-protection), private and internet (Callihan et al., 2021).

Territorial security perception subscale. It refers to the expectations about the State as regent of public peace (Silva et al., 2021). It includes four items that respond with any of the six response options: 0 = "not at all likely" to 5 = "very likely."

National security perception subscale. It refers to expectations regarding the State as prosecutor of crimes against democracy, national identity or the interests of the population (Karthik et al., 2020). It includes four items that respond with any of the six response options: 0 = "not at all likely" to 5 = "very likely."

Public safety perception subscale. Expectations regarding the State as Attorney General (Ahmad et al., 2020). It includes four items that are answered with any of the six response options: 0 = "not at all likely" to 5 = "very likely."

Human security perception subscale. It refers to the expectations generated by crime prevention policies, the administration of justice and the promotion of social peace (Karagül, Sarac & Hasöksüz, 2021). It includes four items that respond with any of the six response options: 0 = "not at all likely" to 5 = "very likely."

Public safety perception subscale. It refers to the expectations generated by citizens based on distrust and alienation of the State with its security institutions, while interest focuses on civil remedies for self-protection (Lippi et al., 2020). It includes four items that respond with any of the six response options: 0 = "not at all likely" to 5 = "very likely."

Private security perception subscale. It refers to the expectations of civil society generated from the State as incapable of preventing crime and combating corruption (Yeh et al., 2021). It includes four items that are answered with any of the six response options: 0 = "not at all likely" to 5 = "very likely."

Subscale Perception of security of Internet users. It refers to the expectations that Internet users consider generated from state espionage in their search for information, selection of content and dissemination of topics (Al Shehri et al., 2022). It includes four items that are answered with any of the six response options; 0 = "not at all likely" to 5 = "very likely."

RESULTS

The adequacy analysis suggests the compatibility of the sample size in relation to the number of variables analyzed. The KMO values suggest that the instrument is optimal for the sample size because it approaches the required minimum of 0.600.

The analysis of factorial weights indicates the correlation between the item and the factor. The results demonstrate the prevalence of eight factors related to shaped media security, confined security, identity security, mourning security, expected security, political security, personal security and community security.

The analysis of variance suggests the minimum percentage of explanation of the factor with respect to the model. The results show that the first factor related to media security explained 18%, the second factor referring to confined security accounted for 17%, the third factor referring to identity security explained 12%, and the fourth factor suggestive of security. grief 8%, expected security 6%, political security 6%, personal security 5% and community security 4. The eight factors explained 79% of the total variance.

The evaluation analysis establishes multicollinearity between the factors. The strength of association values approach zero and suggest the decrease in multicollinearity.

The analysis of the residuals indicates the collinearity between the indicators. The values of the residuals indicate a minimum probability of collinearity between the measurement errors of the variables manifest in the model.

The analysis of the parallels suggests the number of permissible factors consistent with the relationships between the indicators. The eigenvalues recommend the inclusion of eight factors corresponding to the number of relationships between the variables that make up the model.

The fit and residual values ⌠????2 = 3016.680 (145 df) p =0.007; CFI = 0.914; TLI = 0.945; SRMR = 0.032; RMSEA = 0.038⌡suggest the non-rejection of the hypothesis regarding the significant differences between the theoretical structure with respect to the empirical observations.

DISCUSSION

The contribution of this work to the state of the art lies in the establishment of an empirical model which is contrasted with the theoretical structure. The results reveal the prevalence of eight factors related to organizational security that explain 79% of the total variance. The predominant factor was related to safety in confinement, which explained 18% of the total variance.

The literature on organizational biosafety encompasses a variety of perspectives and recommendations to ensure the safe handling of biological materials in various environments (World Health Organization, 2021). The economic implications of biosafety regulations emphasize the need for developing countries to establish effective frameworks (Teremetskyi et al., 2021). A comparative analysis of US, WHO, and Russian biosafety guidelines highlight the importance of safety conditions when working with dangerous pathogens (Ortiz et al., 2020). The need for coordination and harmonization of biosafety practices within a pan-European network recommends the establishment of organizational biosafety committees and competent sources of advice.

International biosafety challenges in low-resource countries and suggest strategies to build sustainable capacity (Parichehreh-Dizaji & Haghpanah, 2020). The commitment of professionals is to biosafety to address biothreats and conduct research on infectious diseases (Siles-García et al., 2021). A comprehensive review of the literature on biosafety culture and responsible conduct in the life sciences highlights the importance of strengthening a culture that emphasizes biosafety and biosecurity (Díaz-Guio et al., 2020). The results of a survey on the changing landscape of institutional biosafety committees emphasize the differences in size, scope and needs among institutions conducting biorisk research (World Health Organization. 2020). Public administration mechanisms ensure biosafety through better information support and risk monitoring (Chen & Chi, 2020). The regulatory and organizational aspects of laboratory and production biosafety are worked on with dangerous biological agents (Soares et al., 2021). Finally, the importance of implementing an organizational culture of biosafety and bioprotection in institutions emphasizes the need for training and knowledge surveys to promote a culture of safety.

In Mexico, the interpretation or idea that the country lacks security is common. This lack of protection is influenced by the presence of organized crime, illegal trafficking of drugs and weapons and the corruption available in each branch of the government, among the main aspects. In this sense, the inclusion of self-control explains the effects of state propaganda on crime prevention, law enforcement, and peace education on the lifestyles of civilian sectors. The contribution of this study refers to the reliability and validity of an instrument that measures dimensions of organizational security.

CONCLUSION

The objective of this work was to compare the theoretical structure of organizational security with empirical observations in a sample of students in a public institution in central Mexico. The results demonstrate the prevalence of eight factors where security in confinement stands out with the highest percentage of total explained variance. In relation to the state of the art where organizational safety is highlighted as a derivative of biosafety in the context of the pandemic, the present work suggests that the preponderant factor related to safety in confinement is directly related to biosafety if considered. that distancing and confinement of people reduced community transmission of the new SARS CoV-2 coronavirus and the COVID-19 disease.